The environment of central Edinburgh is one of exceptional interest, with unrivalled urban and landscape qualities which successfully incorporates all the functions of a thriving capital city. The city has been capital of Scotland since the 15th century. It presents the dual face of an old city dominated by a medieval fortress and a new neoclassic city whose development from the 18th century onwards exerted a far-reaching influence on European urban planning.
The interesting juxtaposition of these two contrasting historic areas, each containing many buildings of great significance, gives the city a unique character.
The basis of Edinburgh's powerful and distinctive character is its topography, the castle, its architectural heritage and the unique form of its historic environment. This was acquired in three distinct periods of growth - Medieval, Georgian and Victorian. The significance of the site is based on the importance of Edinburgh as the capital of Scotland and also the contribution of the New Town to town planning.